Learn to describe and discuss the TLS handshake process: Client Hello, Server Hello, certificate exchange, and session key establishment.
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In TLS, the Client Hello message contains:
The Client Hello opens the TLS handshake, advertising the client's capabilities: supported TLS versions, cipher suites, and a client random value.
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A TLS 'cipher suite' specifies:
A cipher suite defines the algorithms for the full TLS session: key exchange (ECDHE), authentication (RSA/ECDSA), encryption (AES-GCM), and integrity (SHA-256).
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What does 'certificate chain validation' verify?
Chain validation traces the certificate from the server certificate through intermediate CAs to a root CA trusted by the client's trust store.
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In TLS 1.3, the handshake is faster than TLS 1.2 because:
TLS 1.3 streamlines the handshake to 1-RTT by merging key exchange into the Client Hello, and supports 0-RTT for session resumption.
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mTLS (mutual TLS) differs from standard TLS in that:
In mTLS, both parties authenticate with certificates — the server validates the client certificate as well as the client validating the server. Common in service mesh architectures.