Atomicity: a transaction is all-or-nothing; either every operation commits or the whole transaction rolls back, leaving no partial changes.
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What does Consistency guarantee in ACID?
Consistency: every committed transaction respects all defined rules and constraints, so the database never ends up in an invalid state.
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What does Isolation address?
Isolation: concurrent transactions appear to execute without seeing each other's uncommitted intermediate state. Stronger isolation levels reduce anomalies at the cost of concurrency.
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What does Durability ensure?
Durability: committed changes are persisted (often via a write-ahead log) so they remain even after a system failure.
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What does a rollback do?
Rollback: aborts the transaction and reverts the database to its state before the transaction began, upholding atomicity when an error occurs.